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PLANT : Saintpaulia

Saintpaulia, commonly known as African violet, is a genus of 6-20 species of herbaceous perennial flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae, native to Tanzania and adjacent southeastern Kenya in eastern tropical Africa, with a concentration of species in the Nguru mountains of Tanzania. The  genus is most closely related to Streptocarpus, with recent phylogenetic studies suggesting it has evolved directly from subgenus Streptocarpella. The common name was given due to a superficial resemblance to true violets (Viola, family Violaceae). Typically the African violet is a common household indoor plant but can also be an outdoor plant.

Historical Introduction of African Violets


Early specimens of Africa violets had been collected by Sir John Kirk on the coast "opposite Zanzibar" in 1884, and by  the Rev.W.E.Taylor in the Giryama and Shimba Mountains in 1887.

In 1892, in Tanzania (then German East Africa), Captain Baron Walter von Saint Paul, the German Imperial District Captain of Usambara, collected a plant he called "das violette Usambara" (the Usambara violet). Captain Baron Saint Paul came from a family with a strong interest in plants. His father was even President of the German Dendrological Society.

Walter Saint Paul sent plants or seeds of the African "violet" to his father. His father gave them to Hermann Wendland, Director of the Royal Botanical Gardens at Herrenhausen in Hanover, Germany, and it was Wendland who wrote the first scientific description of the plant in Latin.

Wendland placed the plants in the Gesneriad family, gave them the generic name, Saintpaulia (in honor of the Saint Paul family), and the specific name, ionantha (with violet-like flowers).

Originally more than 20 species and subspecies of African violets were described.  In 2009 this number was reduced down to nine species.  It is from these species, their hybrids, and mutations of these hybrids that have come the thousands of cultivars that we enjoy today.

In 1893 the seed house of Ernst Benary, then in Erfurt, Germany, and now located in Munden, Germany, started to grow African violet plants commercially.

When the first English language description of the African violet (with a colored plate) appeared in Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, in 1895, the statement was made: "It doesn’t often happen that a plant newly introduced into Europe can claim the honor accorded to the subject of this plate, of being within two years of its flowering figured in five first-class horticultural periodicals."

Commercial growing of African violet in the United States began in 1926 when Armacost & Royston of West Los Angeles, California, imported seeds from Benary in Germany and Sutton in England and introduced the plants to the trade. In the next 20 years, interest in the African violet increased among commercial and amateur growers to the point that in 1946 a national society was formed. 

Historia del Microscopio

INPUT/OUTPUT PHENOMENON

In theory for a straight fiber whose end faces are perpendicular to its axis, a small collimated beam of rays entering the fiber at 25 degrees off axis will exit the fiber at 25 degrees off axis.

In practice, multiple internal reflections, fiber length, micro-bending (external surface features) and manufacturing defects will spread collimated rays out to fill an annulus (or doughnut) of a cone whose total angle is twice that of the input angle. The thickness of the annulus will equal the diameter of the input beam. If the input beam is conical and focused on the face of the fiber, the output beam will still form an annulus of a cone whose nominal angle is twice the input angle, but the thickness of the annulus will now be determined by the angle of the input beam cone.

Temporal imaging system. Input and output dispersions play the role of free-space diffraction while quadratic phase modulation acts as a time lens. Output wave form envelope is a magnified version of the input envelope.

Schematic diagram of up-conversion time microscope. Input wave form I(t) is a 4 bit 100 Gb/s word. Input and output dispersion is obtained by two sets of diffraction grating pairs. The up-conversion time lens is achieved by sum frequency generation of the input wave form and a linearly chirped pump E(t). The output wave form is the magnified and inverted I(t/M).

Microscopes

What is a microscope ?

A microscope is a high precision optical instrument that uses a lens or a combination of lenses to produce highly magnified images of small specimens or objects especially when they are too small to be seen by the naked (unaided) eye.  A light source is used (either by mirrors or lamps) to make it easier to see the subject matter.

Who invented the microscope ?

A Dutchman, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, is considered the father of microscopes because of the advances he made in microscope design and use.  He worked as an apprentice in a dry goods store where magnifying lenses were used to count the threads in cloth.  Anton was inspired by these glasses and he taught himself new methods for grinding and polishing small lenses which magnified up to 270x.  This led to the first practical microscopes.  In 1674, Anton was the first to see and describe bacteria, yeast, plants, and life in a
drop of water.

What can you do with a microscope ?

A microscope can be used for numerous things:

•  hobbyists have an interest in microscopic worlds from learning and having fun to using a microscope for the study of stamps, coins, gems, insects, etc
•  children can view a fantastic world of discovery
•  students have an interest in pursuing knowledge anywhere from middle school through the university level
•  medical uses from analysis to advanced research in many and varied disciplines
•  industrial uses as inspection and measurement tools
•  government and scientific uses for public safety and discovery
•  imaging of whatever you are looking at